BIOLOGY : CELL COMMUNICATION (PART 1)

hello everybody, it is BIOLOGY TIME.
(FOUNDATION IN SCIENCE STUDIES-BIOLOGY-SEM 2)

CELL COMMUNICATION (PART 1 )

Each cell responds only to certain signals, however, and ignores the rest, like a person following the conversation of a person or two individuals in a noisy, crowded room.

The location of the receptor can either be :-

1. Intracellular , for hydrophobic ligands that can cross the membrane
2. Or in the plasma membrane, for hydrophilic ligands that cannot cross the membrane.

MECHANISMS

 

A. SYNAPTIC SIGNALLING

 Chemicals synapse signalling involves

 transmission of signal molecules, called neurotransmitters,

from a neuron over a small synaptic gap to the target cell.

B. ENDOCRINE SIGNALLING

Hormones are released into the organism's circulatory system,

which carries them to the target cells.

 

C. DIRECT CONTACT

Two cells in direct contact with each other may send signals across gap junctions.

 

D. PARACRINE SIGNALLING

 

Secretions from one cell have an effect only on cells in the immediate area.

 

PART 2 COMING SOON

EASIEST THIN CRUST APPLE PIE RECIPE EVER !

hello you ! today I have a recipe that I want to share. it is EASY THIN CRUST APPLE PIE RECIPE !

why I'm saying this is easy? because the pie crust is just made of spring roll pastry, or 'kulit popia', which you can easily buy at supermarkets. so we only have to cook the apple pie filling and bake the pie. easy. so here's the recipe.

INGREDIENTS :
1. 2 Granny Smith apples (Green apples)
2. 2 teaspoons Cinnamon powder
3. Some cloves
4. 1/4 cup sugar
5. 2 tablespoons butter
6. 2 tablespoons orange juice ( I just used half an orange )
7. Spring roll pastry (square )
8. A bowl of water

METHOD :
1. Peel and cut the apples into small cubes.
2. In hot pan, melt butter.
3. Add apples, cloves and cinnamon powder.
4. Add sugar and orange juice.
5. Cook until the apples are soft or for about 10 minutes.
6. Let cool.
7. For thin crust, just use one piece of the pastry. For slightly thicker crust, use two ply. First, lay the pastry on flat surface. Using your finger, put a little bit of water along the edges of the pastry.
8. Put about 1 tablespoon of apple pie fillings at the middle of the pastry, avoiding the moist edges.
9. Fold the pastry to become a rectangle, just like the picture above. close the edges using your finger and some water.
10. Bake for 5 minutes. yeah, I know, very quick !

so that is all. I loved it because it's super easy to make and delicious too. hope you'll love it too. thanks for reading.

much love,
EDA

CHEMISTRY : ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - REVIEW QUESTIONS

Hello people. it is chemistry time !! I am currently studying in UiTM PAlam, Foundation in science.
since I am in my sem break, I decided to do a little study on the subjects that I am going to learn in the 2nd semester. so here is the first chapter for sem 2. enjoy.

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

REVIEW QUESTIONS

CLASSES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
24.1 Explain why carbon is able to form so many more compounds than any other element?
ANSWER :

• Because carbon atoms are able not only to form single, double and triple carbon-carbon bonds, but also to link up with each other in chains and ring structures.
• Because carbon atoms can link up with other carbon atoms in straight and branched chains.

24.2 What is the difference between aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons ?
ANSWER : *KIV

• Aliphatic hydrocarbons are divided into alkanes, alkenes and alkynes.
• Aromatic hydrocarbons are Benzene.

ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS
 24.3 What do "saturated" and "unsaturated" mean when applied to hydrocarbons?
         Give examples of a saturated hydrocarbon and unsaturated hydrocarbon.
ANSWER :

•  Saturated hydrocarbon contains the maximum number of hydrogen atoms that can bond with the number of carbon atoms present . Example : Alkanes
• Unsaturated hydrocarbon are compounds with double or triple carbon-carbon bonds that enable them to add hydrogen atoms. Example : Alkenes

24.4 Give three sources of methane
ANSWER :

• Termites
• Sewage treatment processes
• Anaerobic bacterial decomposition of vegetable matter under water

Termites

sewage treatment

anaerobic bacterial decomposition of vegetable matter under water

 

 Part 2 will be coming soon.  :)
thanks for reading.

much love,
EDA

 

IDIOMS : INTRODUCTORY SENTENCE

hello people. Today I feel like sharing some idioms. so here are some suitable for introductory sentences. with easy sentences to make it easier to understand the meaning. :)

1. Make hay while the sun shines.
    = Look at all the opportunities around you.
    = You must make the most out of your present situation.

2. Do not cry over spilled milk.
    = What is done is done.
    = There is no point regretting your mistakes.

3. At the eleventh hour.
   = You need to get your work done in time.

4. Do not beat around the bush.
   = Are you trying to avoid giving a direct answer.
   = Why are you evading this issue?

so for the next one, I am going to write introductory statements, but with the suitable idiom.

1. It is important that we not only know how to talk. We must also walk the talk. Certainly, action speak louder than words.

2. Have you ever been lost in a jungle? The worst scenario is when no one in your group knows how to get back to civilization. This will be like the blind leading the blind.

3.  The company was not making profits. There remained only one solution. -to sell the company. Yes, the dice was cast.

4. Are you obese? Have you gone to slimming parlours and found that you have wasted money? You can lose weight but it is easier said than done.

5. Your examination is over . Your hard work has paid off. Now is the time to eat, drink and be merry.

I know it is not a lot, but it is enough. hope this helped you. thanks for reading.

much love,
EDA

3D DRAWINGS ON THE FLOOR : IPOH PARADE



Hello hello readers.

 

Today I went to Ipoh Parade with my siblings. Guess what, we arrived as early as 10 A.M. the stores were just opening. Some of them are not even opened yet. Want to know why? My big brother wanted to get a free limited Bonuslink Card with free points. In our mind , we thought that there must be a lot of people, like queuing up to get those cards, so we decided to go as early as soon as the entrance door opened. Funny that there were no one as early as we were. Well, there were some people but they were not there for the cards. haha. Funny. But my brother got what he wanted, he was happy so he decided to go walk around the mall with me and my younger sister.

Yeah, not much stores were opened so we just went walking around looking at cheap clothes. Yes, they were really cheap and pretty ! Me and my sister wanted them, but decided to just stick with window shooping for the time being. Just looking around, surveying the prices and walked aimlessly.

 

 Until at this one path, there were drawings on the floor ! Not just ordinary drawings, but 3D. it was so cool. We even took some pictures.

 



Me with an alligator

My sister on the stairs with creepy hands beneath it

It was so cool. Looked kinda real, right? There were more, but these two are my favourite. And I am sure there were more at some other paths that we didn't walk at. So if think this is cool, and you want to be cool like us too :P , just come to Ipoh Parade. Yes, it is free. Just use your own camera and take the pic on your own of course. There weren't a lot of people anyways. Or maybe because we were at the mall too early. haha

okay, thanks for reading.

much love,
EDA

CONEY DOG RECIPE : BOLOGNESE STYLE

hello readers !

 

here I am going to share with you another HOMEMADE recipe.

 

Coney Dog : Bolognese style.

 

Yes, I love Coney dog. I usually eat this for lunch at my University, as I am always on-the-go, and it is very delicious and satisfying.

But since I am at home, due to sem -break, I decided to try making these at home.

and it was a success! It is not exactly the same, but it is a thumbs up. My sister loved it she actually had two. haha. okay, so here is the recipe.

 I have to tell you that I love measurements using cups because that is so much easier. so, here goes.

 

CONEY DOG :

BOLOGNESE STYLE @ EDA'S STYLE

INGREDIENTS :

• 1/3 cup chopped Yellow bell pepper
• 1/3 cup chopped Carrot
• 1 cup minced beef
• 2 cloves chopped Garlic
• 1/4 cup chopped onion
• A pinch of salt and pepper
• A pinch of spaghetti Bolognese herbs (can easily get at supermarkets ) *additional
• 1/3 cup tomato sauce
• 1/4 cup chilli sauce
• 1/2 cup water
• 5 fried sausages
• 5 pieces of Cheddar cheese (like Cheesedale )
• 5 hotdog buns

METHOD :

BOLOGNESE :
1. Saute onion and garlic.
2. Add minced beef. Add some salt, pepper and herbs. Mix.
3. Once beef is cooked, add bell peppers and carrot. Let it cook for a minute.
4. Add the sauce and water. Bring to a boil.

Try give it a taste and improve on it if must. But this is the rough 'sketch' of the recipe and I think it is super easy and fast. You can also use this recipe for Bolognese spaghetti. Just add some more sauce and water and you have your spaghetti Bolognese.

ARRANGEMENT :

1. Put cheese in the bun.
2. Put the fried sausage on the cheese. (Hot sausage will melt the cheese a bit. YUM ! )
3. Put the Bolognese on top. As much as you want or just until it covers the sausage.
4. This is additional, add some mayonnaise and chilli sauce on top. But I didn't and it still tasted great!

so that is all. Super easy, just using the ingredients that you already have at home. This recipe is for 5 servings. okay, thanks for reading.

much love,
EDA

TASK B : GROUP DISCUSSION ( USEFUL EXPRESSIONS )

hello beautiful tulips.

Here are some of the useful expressions that you can use in a group discussion. To initiate, maintain and close a group discussion. let's start!

these are some of the expressions you can use to INITIATE a discussion :-

Don't forget to greet the examiners and other candidates, okay. :
Good morning ladies and gentlemen / everyone.

TO START A DISCUSSION :

• I would like to start the discussion by saying that ...
• We are here to discuss ...
• I would like to express my view regarding this matter ...
• Let's look at some possible solutions...
• Allow me to begin ...
• May I begin by saying ...
• We're here to discuss.....
• Let's start by discussing ..
• Today, we are going to discuss...
• Our task today is to discuss ...

TO ASK FOR AN OPINION :

• What is your opinion ?
• What do you think about ... ?
• What is your view on ... ?
• May I know your opinion regarding ... ?
• What do you feel about ...?
• Do you agree that ... ?
• What do you think we can do to ... ?
• Would you like to share your opinion on ... ?
• Would you like to offer your comments ...?

TO GIVE AN OPINION :

• I think ...
• I believe
• I must say...
• In my opinion ...
• From my point of view...
•  I would say that ...
• Personally, I feel
• I am sure that ...
• As far as I am concerned ...
• I am of the opinion that ...
• I am convinced that ...
• It seems to me that ...
• I must say that...
• It's clear to me that ...

TO EXPRESS STRONG AGREEMENT :

• I strongly agree.
• I agree completely.
• That is certainly true.
• Yes. I am sure that you are right.
• Absolutely !
• Exactly! I couldn't agree with you more
• You have hit the nail on the head...
• You've made your point very clear.
• You have made an absolutely convincing argument. I completely agree.

TO EXPRESS AGREEMENT :

• I agree with you.
• You are right.
• That is true.
• I share the same view.
• I am of the same opinion.
• I am glad you mentioned that.
• I see your point.

TO EXPRESS PARTIAL AGREEMENT :

• You could be right but ...
• That is true but ...
• I see your point but ....
•  You have a point but ..
• That may be so but ...
• Your suggestion is good but ...
• I do not entirely agree with you...
• I agree to a certain extent but ...
• That's true to a certain extent but ...
• I think you are right to say that. However, ...
• It sounds like a good idea, but..

TO EXPRESS STRONG DISAGREEMENT :

• I disagree completely.
• That can't be true at all.
• That is absolutely untrue.
• That's totally out of the question.
• No. I don't like this suggestion.

TO EXPRESS DISAGREEMENT :

• I disagree.
• I don't see it that way.
• I beg to differ.
• I don't think so.
• I am not convinced that your suggestion will work.
• This will give rise to other problems.
• On the contrary, ...
• I understand what you're saying but I don't think that's practical / the correct solution.
• I would consider ... as more important ...
• I think it would be better if ...
• I think you are mistaken.

TO SIGNAL A CONTRASTING IDEA :

• However,
• But,
• In contrast,
• On the other hand,
• From a different point of view,..
• Looking at the other side of the argument

 and these are some of the useful expressions you can use to MAINTAIN a discussion :-

TO MAINTAIN THE DISCUSSION :

• In addition,
• Moreover,
• Other than that,
• As you've mentioned,
• I would like to add that ...

TO MAKE A STRONG DISCUSSION :

• We must ...
• There is no other way except ...
• There is no alternative but to...
• The only solution to this problem is ..

TO MAKE A SUGGESTION :

• I would suggest that ...
• My suggestion is that ...
•  I recommend that ...
• I would like to propose that ...
• I think we should ...
• How about.. ?
• I think it is a good idea if ...
• Don't you think we should...
• My recommendation is ...
• In my opinion, we could ...
• What about ...
• Perhaps we should, ...
• It might be a good idea to ...
• I strongly propose ...
• I believe that...

TO ASK FOR A SUGGESTION :

• What is your suggestion ?
• What would you suggest ?
• What do you think ?
• What is your opinion ?
• What are your views regarding this?
• Do you have any suggestions?
• Is there anything you would like to say about this?
• What is your comment regarding this?
• Would you like to comment on this?
• What do you think about that?
• What is your view on ... ?
• What do you suggest ?
• What about you?
• Which suggestion do you think is better?

TO PRESENT SOLUTIONS :

• One solution is to ...
• one possibility is ...
• One way is to...
• Another solution is ...
• We could either ... or ...
• There are three ways to solve this problem. Firstly,...

TO CONTRAST AND JUSTIFY CHOICES:

• XX has the advantage of ... but ZZ...
• While XX has some advantages, ZZ is still a better choice because ...
• XX would be able to ... but ZZ ...
• XX sounds good but ZZ is better because ...
• XX is a better choice because ...
• The best solution is ... because ...

TO ACCEPT :

• That's a good idea.
• That sounds great !
• That's fine with me.
• I can't agree more.
• I support your suggestion.
• I have no objection to that.
• Your suggestion is acceptable to me.
• I am in favour of Candidate A's suggestion.
• That's a great suggestion . You've got my support.
• You've made your point very clear.
• Yes, I agree with you.
• I agree that ...
• Yes, that's true.
• I am in complete agreement with your suggestion that ...
• I am of the same opinion.

TO REJECT :

• I appreciate your opinion but ...
• I do see your point but ...
• I understand your concern but ...
• That is interesting but ...
• You have a good point there but ..
• I am sorry. I can't agree with you.
• I am afraid we do not share the same opinion.
• I am sorry, I can't accept what you have just said.
• I beg to differ on that point.
• On the other hand, ..
• On the contrary, I think ..
• I think otherwise.
• That is true but...
• Well, you could be wrong.
• I suppose that is true to a certain extent.

TO ASK FOR CLARIFICATION :

• What do you mean by... ?
• I am sorry I missed your point. Could you please explain...
• I am afraid I am not quite sure of what you meant. Could you please clarify ...
• Sorry, I don't follow you. Would you mind giving an example?
• Can you please explain further on ...
• Do you mean to say that ...
• May I know why .. ?
• Do you mind telling me more about ... ?
• I'm not sure I understand your point. Could you please explain that to me again?

TO GIVE CLARIFICATION :

• What I meant was...
• Sure, I was trying to point out that ...
• Certainly, one good example would be ...
• Let me explain how ...
• My point is ...

TO PERSUADE :

• I wonder if you have thought of ...
• Don't you think ...
• Maybe you should consider...
• Have you considered ...
• I can assure you that ...
• Wouldn't it be a good idea to...

TO INTERRUPT :

• Excuse me, can you please repeat what you have just said?
• Excuse me, can you please clarify that ?
• Allow me interrupt ...
• Excuse me, but isn't it true that...
• Sorry to interrupt but  I have to say this...
• Excuse me, could I just ask you a quick question?
• I am sorry to interrupt but I think we need to get back to our topic.
• I am sorry I have to stop you. Can we get back to our topic on ... ?
• Excuse me, but...
• I hate to interrupt you, but...

huh...no no. not done yet. we need to close the discussion, okay.
so here are some useful expressions to use to CLOSE a discussion.

TO SUMMARIZE MAIN POINTS :

• In short,
• To sum up,
• I will briefly summarize the main points.
• Allow me to go over the key points.
• Let's sum up what has been mentioned so far.

TO CONCLUDE :

• In conclusion ,
• As a conclusion ,
• To conclude,
• In a nutshell,

TO STATE A GROUP DECISION (TOTAL AGREEMENT ) :

• We all agree that ...
• Our decision is that ...
• We have decided that ...
• We have come to the conclusion that ...
• We have come to an agreement that ...
• So, we've all agreed that ...
• So , we can conclude that ...
• I think we have come to the conclusion that ...
• In conclusion, we all agree that .. is the best suggestion . Thank you.

TO STATE THE OUTCOME OF DISCUSSION
(PARTIAL AGREEMENT / TOTAL DISAGREEMENT )

• Most of us agree that...
• Two of us agree that .. while the other two of us believe that ...
• We could not reach a group decision because some of us strongly think that... while the rest of us believe that ...
• We are unable to come to a solid decision because some of us strongly believe that... while the others think that...

TO END THE DISCUSSION :

• Does anyone have anything else to say ? Otherwise, we shall end this discussion here.
• If you have nothing more to add, we shall stop here.
• It has been an interesting discussion.
• Since we have come to an agreement, I guess it is time to end our discussion.
• As all of you are agreeable, let's bring this discussion to a close.

TO CLOSE  A DISCUSSION :

• Thank you for your contributions to this discussion.
• Thank you for a fruitful and interesting discussion.
• Thank you very much for your attention and participation.
• I hope you have enjoyed this discussion. Thank you.

okay, the thing is, the sources I got is from 3 different books.  I might have put some expressions in the wrong category or a not so suitable one, so I apologize for that. But other than that, yup, this is legit. :)
so yeah ! that is all. I hope this helps. thanks for reading.

much love,
EDA